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This paper aims to better understand the linkage between CO₂ emitters and industrial consumers. The border-crossing frequency is applied to calculate the average number of steps that a country takes in relation to the CO₂ emissions of its construction industry. The maximum border-crossing frequency and declining speed of CO₂ transfer are used to reveal the relationship between the length of production chains and the transfer efficiency of construction products.

This paper maps the CO₂ transfer that accompanies global production chains using the frequency of border crossing in the production processes of construction products. As the basic analysis framework, a multi-regional input–output model is adopted to analyse the average border-crossing frequency of CO₂ transfer. Additionally, indicators including the maximum border-crossing frequency and declining speed of CO₂ transfer are employed. Also, the maximum border-crossing frequency and declining speed of CO₂ transfer are used to reveal the relationship between the length of production chains and the transfer efficiency of construction products.

The results indicate that 85.49% of the CO₂ in construction products needs to be processed in at least one country, reflecting that direct trade is the major pattern of transfer of CO₂ from primary producers in global construction industries. The maximum border-crossing frequency is 4.88 for 15 economies, meaning that construction products cross the international borders up to 4.88 times before they are absorbed by the final users. The scale of the average border-crossing frequency ranged from 1.16 to 1.87 over 2000–2014, indicating that the original construction products crossed the international borders at least 1.16 times to satisfy the final demand of the consuming countries.

The data from the economic MRIO tables in the WIOD are only available until 2014, which is a limitation for conducting this research in recent years.

The fragmentation of production is not only reshaping global trade patterns, but also leading to the separation of CO₂ emitters and final consumers in production chains. A growing number of studies have focussed on the impact of production fragmentation on accounting for regional and national CO₂ emissions, but little research has been done at the scale of a specific industry. The major contribution of this paper lies in mapping the CO₂ emissions that accompany the production chains of construction products from the perspectives of both magnitude and length. Additionally, this paper is the first to propose using maximum border-crossing frequency and declining speed to analyse the characteristics of global production chains induced by the final demand of major economies for construction products.

This paper aims to clarify the CO₂ emissions of global construction industries under the consideration of different patterns of international trade and thus to draw a comprehensive picture for understanding the international paths of CO₂ transfer to global construction industries.

This research inventories the CO₂ emissions induced by the final demand of 15 economies for construction products and explores the CO₂ intensities of these economies based on a multi-regional input–output model. This paper further decomposes CO₂ emissions into four components based on different patterns of international trade to estimate the roles of four patterns of international trade in shaping the environmental pressures from global construction industries.

The results indicate that the CO₂ intensities of the construction industries in Russia, India and China were higher than those in other economies, and the CO₂ intensities of global construction industries experienced a decline over the years 2000–2014. The decomposition analysis demonstrates that domestic and foreign CO₂ emissions accounted for 42.67 and 54.23%, respectively, of the CO₂ emissions of the construction industries in the 15 economies during the period 2000–2007. Although the major part of the CO₂ emissions of the construction industries come from domestic production systems, the final demand for construction products in the 15 economies caused substantial emissions in other economies. Further decomposition by upstream industrial production source indicates that 58.65% of domestic emissions and 66.53% of foreign emissions can be traced back to the electricity industry.

Although the major patterns of CO₂ emissions of the construction industry have been identified in this paper, the difficulty of understanding the relationship between upstream production industries or countries and the construction industry deserves more attention in the future research.

Previous research on inventorying CO₂ emissions has generally been limited to evaluating the impact of industrial consumption activities on national or global emission accounting, tending to ignore the effects of different international trade patterns on the change in industrial CO₂ emissions. This research is the first attempt to account for and decompose the CO₂ emissions of global construction industries under consideration of the effects of different patterns of international trade on environmental pressures. The decomposition and upstream industrial distributions of different patterns of CO₂ emission provide a comprehensive picture for better understanding of the emission pattern and source of the CO₂ emissions of global construction industries. The research outcomes reveal how the final demand of a country for construction products induces CO₂ emissions in both domestic and foreign systems, thus providing basic information and references for policy adjustment and strategy design in relation to mitigation of climate change and sustainable development.

For fixed-wing micro air vehicles, the attitude determination is usually produced by the horizon/Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) in which the GNSS provides yaw estimates, while roll and pitch are computed using horizon sensors. However, the attitude determination has been independently obtained from the two sensors, which will result in insufficient usage of data. Also, when implementing attitude determination algorithms on embedded platforms, the computational resources are highly restricted. This paper aims to propose a computationally efficient linear Kalman filter to solve the problem.

The observation model is in the form of a least-square optimization composed by GNSS and horizontal measurements. Analytical quaternion solution along with its covariance is derived to significantly speed up on-chip computation.

The reconstructed attitude from Horizon/GNSS is integrated with quaternion kinematic equation from gyroscopic data that builds up a fast linear Kalman filter. The proposed filter does not involve coupling effects presented in existing works and will be more robust encountering bad GNSS measurements.

Electronic systems are designed on a real-world fixed-wing plane. Experiments are conducted on this platform that show comparisons on the accuracy and computation execution time of the proposed method and existing representatives. The results indicate that the proposed algorithm is accurate and much faster computation speed in studied scenarios.

In China, external supervision on construction safety mainly comes from the government and supervision engineers (SEs). However, the construction safety supervisory mechanism (CSSM) contains some dilemmas affecting the improvement of safety performance, such as the declining impact of SEs, the increasing rent-seeking behaviors of contractor and excessive government interference. This study aims to depict and analyze the CSSM in China from an evolutionary game view. The objectives are to understand the supervision strategy and evolutionary behaviors of different stakeholders, propose suggestions for improving safety performance and help the key safety supervision stakeholders, especially the government, formulate a suitable safety supervision strategy.

This research uses tripartite dynamic evolutionary game theory to study the CSSM in China and solve the stable equilibrium solution using system dynamics.

This study has revealed the game relationship of construction safety supervision mechanisms in China and solved the stable equilibrium solution. The results prove that a supervision engineer (SE) plays a crucial role in the CSSM, and “supervision engineer useless” is an unreasonable assertion. For government supervision agency (GSA), excessive inspection and free-market regulation are neither wise strategies. GSA can reduce the inspection frequency when general contractors (GCs) input high safety investments and SEs implement responsible supervision. But keeping proper government supervision to avoid GC's unlawful behaviors and SE's rent-seeking is indispensable. In addition, excessive governmental supervision will weaken SE's role, so the government should transfer some supervision powers to SE.

This study focuses on the dynamic evolution process between GSA, GC and SE. This method is different from most research that neglected the dynamic characteristic of system and game solution stability. The research methods not only contribute to construction safety supervision policy-making in China but also help to improve supervision efficiency in other countries and other fields.

This paper aims to develop a partner selection approach for the high-speed rail (HSR) firms from the perspective of achieving competitive advantage in the international competitive bidding sphere.

The current study developed a partner selection approach based on the evolutionary game theory. Firstly, the current study identified the influencing variables and logical formation path of competitive advantage on the international HSR project by literature review and case analysis. After that, a pay-off model was developed based on the theoretical foundation. Meanwhile, the evolutionary stable strategy was analyzed for different combinations of initial pay-offs.

A real-world case was simulated to verify the effectiveness of the developed approach. The simulation results secured support from three industry professionals, indicating the developed approach is valid.

The current study can help HSR firms to select their partners and develop a cooperation strategy from the perspective of winning awards. Also, the proposed approach is based on the advantage driving variables and formation path, which can contribute to HSR firms' understanding of the sources of competitive advantage.

The development of the digital age has made data and information more transparent, enhancing the strategic perspectives of both buyers (strategic waiting) and sellers (price fluctuations) in their decision-making. This research investigates the optimal dynamic pricing strategy of the content product developer in relation to their consideration of consumer fairness concerns to elucidate the impact of consumer fairness concerns on the dynamic pricing strategy of the developer.

This paper assumes that monopolistic content developers implement a dynamic pricing strategy for the content product. Through constructing a two-period dynamic pricing game model, this research investigates the optimal decisions of the content developer, contingent upon their consideration or disregard of consumer fairness concerns. In the extension section, the authors additionally account for the influence of myopic consumers on these optimal decisions.

Our findings reveal that the degree of consumer fairness concerns significantly influences the developer’s optimal dynamic pricing decision. When a developer offers content products with lower depth, there is a propensity for the developer to refrain from incorporating consumer fairness concerns into a dynamic pricing strategy. Conversely, in cases where the developer offers a high-depth content product, consumer fairness concerns benefit the developer. Furthermore, our analysis reveals a consistent benefit for the developer from the inclusion of myopic consumers.

Few studies have delved into the conjoined influence of consumer fairness concerns and strategic behavior on dynamic pricing strategy. Our findings indicate that consumer fairness concerns can enhance the efficiency of the value chain for content products under specific conditions. This paper not only enriches the existing literature on dynamic pricing by incorporating consumer fairness concerns theoretically but also offers practical insights. The outcomes of this research can guide content product developers in devising optimal dynamic pricing strategies.